genetic, although genetic susceptibility could be impor-
tant in both reduced immunity or reduced ability to detox-
ify microbial products.
A review of the medical records from a group of
autistic patients at the outpatient clinic of the pediatric
hospital where this study was performed revealed a high
frequency of multiple ear infections or sore throats treat-
ed with multiple courses of broad-spectrum antibiotics in
infancy. Thrush in infancy was also common. A 2-year-
old, developmentally normal child had a rapid onset of
autistic symptoms that coincided with Candidiasis fol-
lowing multiple courses of antibiotic therapy for otitis
media. This child excreted large quantities oftartaric acid,
improved clinical symptoms such as improved eye con-
tact, decreased hyperactivity, and increased vocalization.
Based on these initial results, we decided to under-
take a formal evaluation of the possible relationship
between these elevated metabolites, possible yeast over-
growth, and autism. The objectives of the study were (1)
to determine if the urinary excretion of abnormal Krebs
cycle metabolites, abnormal carbohydrates, and other
compounds of possible microbial origin are biochemical
characteristics in autistic children, and (2) to determine if
antifungal treatment results in decrease or elimination of
abnormal metabolites in autistic children and/or improve-
ment in autistic symptoms.
